Warm Bodies Chapter 10 Free Essays

string(25) " endure a little longer\." ‘Nurse Nora,’ Julie says with a smile. ‘Sounds like a kids’ TV show.’ ‘Why a nurse?’ I ask. We will write a custom essay sample on Warm Bodies Chapter 10 or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘Why not go for doctor?’ Nora scoffs. ‘Oh, yeah, seven years of college? I doubt civilisation’s even gonna last that long.’ ‘Yes it will,’ Julie says. ‘Don’t talk like that. But there’s nothing wrong with being a nurse. Nurses are sexy!’ Nora smiles and pulls idly at her thick black curls. She looks at me. ‘Why a doctor, Pear? Is that your target?’ I shake my head emphatically. ‘I’ve already seen enough blood and viscera for one lifetime, thanks.’ ‘Then what?’ ‘I like writing,’ I say like a confession. ‘So . . . I guess I want to be a writer.’ Julie smiles. Nora tilts her head. ‘Really? Do people still do that?’ ‘What? Write?’ ‘I mean, is there still like . . . a book industry?’ I shrug. ‘Well . . . no. Not really. Good point, Nora.’ ‘Sorry, I was just . . .’ ‘No, I know, but you’re right, it’s dumb even for a fantasy. Colonel Rosso says only about thirty per cent of the world’s cities are still functioning, so unless the zombies are learning how to read . . . not a great time to get into the literary arts. I’ll probably just end up in Security.’ ‘Shut the fuck up, Perry,’ Julie says, punching me in the shoulder. ‘People still read.’ ‘Do they?’ Nora asks. ‘Well, I do. Who cares if there’s an industry behind it? If everyone’s too busy building things and shooting things to bother feeding their souls, screw them. Just write it on a notepad and give it to me. I’ll read it.’ ‘A whole book for just one person,’ Nora says, looking at me. ‘Could that ever be worth it?’ Julie answers for me. ‘At least his thoughts would get out of his head, right? At least someone would get to see them. I think it’d be beautiful. It’d be like owning a little piece of his brain.’ She looks at me intently. ‘Give me a piece of your brain, Perry. I want to taste it.’ ‘Oh my,’ Nora laughs. ‘Should I leave you two alone?’ I put my arm around Julie and smile the world-weary smile I’ve recently perfected. ‘Oh my little girl,’ I say and squeeze her. She frowns. ‘What about you, Jules?’ Nora says. ‘What’s your pipe dream?’ ‘I want to be a teacher.’ She takes a deep breath. ‘And a painter, and a singer, and a poet. And a pilot. Nora smiles. I secretly roll my eyes. Nora passes the joint to Julie, who takes a small puff and offers it to me. I shake my head, knowing better. We all gaze out at the glittering water, three kids on the same log watching the same sunset, thinking very different thoughts while white gulls fill the air with mournful calls. You’re going to do those things, R murmurs down to Julie, and he and I swap places again. Julie looks up at me, the corpse in the clouds, floating over the ocean like a restless spirit. She gives me a radiant smile, and I know it’s not really her, I know nothing I say here will ever escape the confines of my own skull, but I say it anyway. You’re going to be tall and strong and brilliant, and you’re going to live for ever. You’re going to change the world. ‘Thanks, R,’ she says. ‘You’re so sweet. Do you think you’ll be able to let me go when the time comes? Do you think you’ll be able to say goodbye?’ I swallow hard. Will I really have to? Julie shrugs, smiling innocently, and whispers, ‘Shrug.’ In the morning the storm has passed. I am lying on my back in a bed next to Julie. A sharp beam of sunlight cuts through the dust in the air and makes a hot white pool on her huddled form. She is still wrapped tightly in the blankets. I get up and step out onto the front porch. The spring sun bleaches the neighbourhood white, and the only sound is rusty backyard swing sets creaking in the breeze. The dream’s cold question echoes in my head. I don’t want to face it, but I realise that very soon this will be over. I will return her to her daddy’s porch by dark, and that will be it. The gate will boom shut, and I’ll skulk away home. Will I be able to let her go? I’ve never asked a harder question. A month ago there was nothing on Earth I missed, enjoyed or longed for. I knew I could lose everything and not feel anything, and I rested easy in that knowledge. But I’m growing tired of easy things. When I go back inside, Julie is sitting on the edge of the bed. She looks groggy, still half asleep. Her hair is a natural disaster, post-hurricane palm trees. ‘Good morning,’ I say. She groans. I try valiantly not to stare at her as she arches her back and stretches, adjusting her bra strap and letting out a little whimper. I can see every muscle and vertebra, and since she’s already half naked I imagine her without skin. I know from grim experience that there is a beauty to her inner layers, too. Marvels of symmetry and craftsmanship sealed away inside her like the jewelled movements of a timepiece, fine works of art never meant to be seen. ‘What are we doing for breakfast?’ she mutters. ‘I’m starving.’ I hesitate. ‘Can probably . . . get to . . . Stadium . . . in hour. Going to . . . need gas . . . though. For Mercey.’ She rubs her eyes. She begins to pull her still-damp clothes back on. Once again I try not to stare. Her body wiggles and bounces in ways Dead flesh doesn’t. Her eyes suddenly flash alert. ‘Shit. You know what? I need to call my dad.’ She picks up the corded phone, and I’m surprised to hear a dial tone. I guess her people would have made it a priority to keep the phone lines running. Anything digital or satellite-based probably died long ago, but the physical connections, cables running underground, those might endure a little longer. You read "Warm Bodies Chapter 10" in category "Essay examples" Julie dials. She waits, tensed. Then relief floods her face. ‘Dad! It’s Julie.’ There is a loud burst of exclamations from the other end. Julie pulls the phone away from her ear and gives me a look that says, Here we go. ‘Yeah, Dad, I’m okay, I’m okay. Alive and intact. Nora told you what happened, right?’ More noise from the other end. ‘Yeah, I knew you’d be looking, but you were way off. It was that small hive at Oran Airport. They put me in this room with all these dead people, like a food locker or something, but after a few days . . . I guess they just forgot about me. I walked right out, hot-wired a car and drove off. I’m on my way back now, I just stopped to call you.’ A pause. She glances at me. ‘No, um, don’t send anyone, okay? I’m in the suburbs down south, I’m almost – ‘ She waits. ‘I don’t know, somewhere close to the freeway, but Dad – ‘ She freezes, and her face changes. ‘What?’ She takes a deep breath. ‘Dad, wh y are you talking about Mom right now? No, why are you talking about her, this is nothing like that. I’m on my way back I just – Dad! Wait, will you listen to me? Don’t send anyone, I’m coming home, okay? I have a car, I’m on my way, just – Dad!’ There is silence from the earpiece. ‘Dad?’ Silence. She bites her lip and looks at the floor. She hangs up. I raise my eyebrows, full of questions that I’m afraid to ask. She massages her forehead and lets out a slow breath. ‘Can you go find the gas by yourself, R? I need . . . to think for a minute.’ She doesn’t look at me as she speaks. Tentatively, I reach out and put a hand on her shoulder. She flinches, then softens, then suddenly turns and embraces me hard, burying her face in my shirt. ‘I just need a minute,’ she says, pulling away and recovering herself. So I leave her there. I find an empty gas can in the garage and begin working my way around the block, looking for a vehicle with a full tank to drain. As I kneel beside a recently crashed Chevy Tahoe with the siphon tube gurgling in my hand, I hear the sound of an engine starting in the distance. I ignore it. I focus on the taste of gasoline, harsh and astringent in my mouth. When the can is full I walk back to the cul-de-sac, closing my eyes and letting the sun flood through my eyelids. Then I open them, and just stand there for a while, holding the red plastic can like a belated birthday gift. The Mercedes is gone. Inside the house, on the dining-room table, I find a note. Something is written on it, letters I can’t assemble into words, but next to it are two Polaroids. Both pictures are of Julie, taken by Julie, with the camera extended at arm’s length and pointed at herself. In one of them, she is waving. The gesture looks limp, half-hearted. In the other one, she is holding that hand against her chest. Her face is stoic, but her eyes are damp. Goodbye, R, the picture whispers to me. It’s that time now. It’s time to say it. Can you say it? I hold the picture in front of me, staring at it. I rub my fingers on it, smearing its fresh emulsion into rainbow blurs. I consider taking it with me, but no. I’m not ready to make Julie a souvenir. Say it, R. Just say it. I set the picture back on the table, and leave the house. I don’t say it. I begin walking back to the airport. I’m not sure what’s waiting for me. Full-death? Quite possibly. After the commotion I caused, the Boneys might simply dispose of me like infectious waste. But I’m alone again. My world is small, my options are few. I don’t know where else to go. The journey of forty minutes by car will be a day-long trip on foot. As I walk, the wind seems to reverse direction, and yesterday’s thunderheads creep back onto the horizon for an encore. They spiral over me, slowly shrinking the circle of blue sky like an immense camera aperture. I walk fast and stiff, almost marching. I walk off the freeway at the next exit and climb into a triangle of landscaping between the road and the off ramp. I crash through the brush and duck into the little cluster of trees, a mini-forest of ten or twelve cedars arranged in a pleasing pattern for overstressed commuter ghosts. I curl into a ball at the base of one of these trees, achieving some degree of shelter under its scrawny branches, and close my eyes. As lightning flickers on the horizon like flashbulbs and thunder rumbles in my bones, I drift into darkness. I am with Julie on the 747. I realise it’s a dream. A real dream, not just another rerun of Perry Kelvin’s syndicated life. This is coming purely from me. The clarity has improved since the blurry sludge of my brain’s first attempt back in the airport, but there’s still an awkward, shaky quality to everything, like amateur video to Perry’s slick feature films. Julie and I sit cross-legged, facing each other, floating above the clouds on the plane’s bright white wing. The wind ruffles our hair, but no more than a leisurely ride in a convertible. ‘So you dream now?’ Julie says. I smile nervously. ‘I guess I do.’ Julie doesn’t smile. Her eyes are cold. ‘Guess you had nothing to dream about till you got some girl problems. You’re like a grade-school kid trying to keep a diary.’ Now we’re on the ground, sitting on a sunny green suburban lawn. A morbidly obese couple barbecues human limbs in the background. I try to keep Julie in focus. ‘I’m changing,’ I tell her. ‘I don’t care,’ she replies. ‘I’m home now. I’m back in the real world, where you don’t exist. Summer camp is over.’ A winged Mercedes rumbles past in the distant sky and vanishes in a muffled sonic boom. ‘I’m gone,’ she says, staring me hard in the eyes. ‘It was fun, but it’s over now. This is how things go.’ I shake my head, avoiding her gaze. ‘I’m not ready.’ ‘What did you think was going to happen?’ ‘I don’t know. I was just hoping for something. A miracle.’ ‘Miracles don’t exist. There is cause and effect, dreams and reality, Living and Dead. Your hope is absurd. Your romanticism, embarrassing.’ I look at her uneasily. ‘It’s time for you to grow up. Julie has gone back to her position, and you will go back to your position, and that is the way it is. Always has been. Always will be.’ She grins, and her teeth are jagged yellow fangs. She kisses me, gnawing through my lips, biting out my teeth, gnashing up towards my brain and screaming like a dying child. I gag on my hot red blood. My eyes flash open and I stand up, pushing dripping branches out of my face. It’s still night. The rain is still pummelling the earth. I step out of the trees and climb up onto the overpass. I lean against the railing, looking out at the empty freeway and the dark horizon beyond it. One thought pounds in my head like a migraine of rage: You’re wrong. You fucking monsters are wrong. About everything. Out of the corner of my eye, I glimpse a silhouette on the other side of the overpass. The dark form moves towards me with steady, lumbering steps. I hunch my muscles together, preparing for a fight. After wandering alone for too long, the unincorporated Dead will sometimes lose the ability to distinguish their own kind from the Living. And some are so far gone, so deep into this way of life, they just don’t care either way. They will eat anyone, anything, anywhere, because they can’t fathom any other way to interact. I imagine one of these creatures surprising Julie as she stops the Mercedes to get her bearings, wrapping filthy hands around her face and biting down on her slender neck, and as that image ferments in my head, I prepare to tear this thing in front of me to unrecognisable shreds. The primordial rage that fills me every time I think of someone harming her is frightening. The violence of killing and eating people feels like friendly teasing compared to this consuming bloodlust. The towering shadow staggers closer. A flash of lightning illuminates its face, and I drop my arms to my sides. ‘M?’ I almost fail to recognise him at first. His face has been torn and clawed, and there are countless small chunks bitten out of his body. ‘Hey,’ he grunts. The rain streaks down his face and pools in his wounds. ‘Let’s . . . get out of . . . rain.’ He walks past my leaky trees and climbs down the slope to the freeway below. I follow him to the dry space under the overpass. We huddle there in the dirt, surrounded by old beer cans and syringes. ‘What . . . doing . . . he . . . out . . . out here?’ I ask him, fighting for the words. I’ve been silent less than a day and I’m already rusty. ‘Take . . . guess,’ M says, pointing at his wounds. ‘Boneys. Drove me out.’ ‘Sorry.’ M grunts. ‘Fuck . . . it.’ He kicks a sun-faded beer can. ‘But guess . . . what?’ Something like a smile illuminates his mangled face. ‘Some . . . came with me.’ He points down the freeway, and I see about nine other figures moving slowly towards us. I look at M, confused. ‘Came . . . with? Why?’ He shrugs. ‘Things . . . crazy . . . back home. Routines . . . shook.’ He jabs a finger at me. ‘You.’ ‘Me?’ ‘You and . . . her. Something . . . in air. Movement.’ The nine zombies stop under the overpass and stand there, looking at us blankly. ‘Hi,’ I say. They sway and groan a little. One of them nods. ‘Where’s . . . girl?’ M asks me. ‘Her name is Julie.’ This comes off my tongue fluidly, like a swish of warm camomile. ‘Ju . . . lie,’ M repeats with some effort. ‘Okay. Where’s . . . she?’ ‘Left. Went home.’ M studies my face. He drops a hand onto my shoulder. ‘You . . . okay?’ I close my eyes and take a slow breath. ‘No.’ I look out at the freeway, towards the city, and something blooms in my head. First a feeling, then a thought, then a choice. ‘I’m going after her.’ Six syllables. I have broken my record again. ‘To . . . Stadium?’ I nod. ‘Why?’ ‘To . . . save her.’ ‘From . . . what?’ ‘Ev . . . rything.’ M just looks at me for a long time. Among the Dead, a piercing look can last several minutes. I wonder if he can possibly have any idea what I’m talking about, when I’m not even sure I do. Just a gut feeling. The soft pink zygote of a plan. He gazes up at the sky, and a faraway look comes into his eyes. ‘Had . . . dream . . . last night. Real dream. Memories.’ I stare at him. ‘Remembered . . . when young. Summer. Cocoa . . . Puffs. A girl.’ His eyes refocus on me. ‘What . . . is it like?’ ‘What?’ ‘You’ve . . . felt. Do you know . . . what it is?’ ‘What are . . . talking about?’ ‘My dream,’ he says, his face full of wonder like a child’s at a telescope. ‘Those things . . . love?’ A tingle runs up my spine. What is happening? To what distant reaches of space is our planet hurtling? M is dreaming, reclaiming memories, asking astonishing questions. I am breaking my syllable records every day. Nine unknown Dead are with us under this overpass, miles from the airport and the hissing commands of the skeletons, standing here awaiting . . . something. A fresh canvas is unfurling in front of us. What do we paint on it? What’s the first hue to splash on this blank field of grey? ‘I’ll . . . go with,’ M says. ‘Help you . . . get in. Save her.’ He turns to the waiting Dead. ‘Help us?’ he asks, not raising his voice above its easy rumble. ‘Help save . . . girl? Save . . .’ He closes his eyes and concentrates. ‘Ju . . . lie?’ The Dead quicken at the sound of the name, fingers twitching and eyes darting. M looks pleased. ‘Help find . . . something lost?’ he asks in a voice more solid than I’ve ever heard from his tattered throat. ‘Help . . . exhume?’ The zombies look at M. They look at me. They look at each other. One of them shrugs. Another nods. ‘Help,’ one of them groans, and they all wheeze in agreement. I find a grin spreading across my face. I don’t know what I’m doing, how I’m doing it, or what will happen when it’s done, but at the very bottom of this rising siege-ladder, I at least know I’m going to see Julie again. I know I’m not going to say goodbye. And if these staggering refugees want to help, if they think they see something bigger here than a boy chasing a girl, then they can help, and we’ll see what happens when we say Yes while this rigor mortis world screams No. We start lumbering north on the southbound freeway, and the thunder drifts away towards the mountains as if it’s scared of us. Here we are on the road. We must be going somewhere. How to cite Warm Bodies Chapter 10, Essay examples

Economic Effects Of Terrorism On The Hotel Industry †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about theEconomic Effects Of Terrorism On The Hotel Industry. Answer: Introduction Undeniably, there has been recent terrorist attacks globally.Recently, we had the Paris attack and the Brussels attack in 2015 and 2016 respectively.These attacks have prompted the importance of government intervention to counter terrorism due to its obligation to protect its citizens and its property, capacity to research and put in place the necessary counter-terrorist measures.The failure to counter terrorism in the hotel industry has resulted in reduced occupancy levels, reduces revenue for the government through taxation, reduced number of tourists, employment challenges and reduced consumer and investor confidence due to anxiety and fear instilled by terrorism.However, the involvement of government in counter-terrorism has also invaded confidentiality and privacy of individual citizens which isnt agreeable for all stakeholders. Economic Consequences of Terrorism on the Economy All in all, I think there s need for government intervention in counter-terrorism because the government upholds public, national and federal interests of a nation which benefits all citizens and foreigners and not just hotel industry owners and their employees.Following the recent terrorist attacks on the various hotel industries around the world, there s need for the respective government to incorporate national and federal measures to prevent terrorist attacks on the hotel industry globally. Noteworthy, hotel revenue fell significantly following the Brussels and Paris Terrorist attacks in 2016 and 2015 respectively. Specifically, the occupancy rates reduced from 82% from the night before the bombings to 25% thus resulting in drastic hotel revenue (Chow 2016).In addition, terrorist attack erodes consumer confidence and choice due to the uncertainty. Indirectly, terrorisms erode consumer and investor confidence in the sense that investors are likely to shun away from setting up hote ls both at local and foreign countries in areas previously attacked by terrorists or potential targets for terrorist attacks whereas consumers would rather postpone or cancel their occupancy at hotels previously attacked or likely to be targets of terrorist attacks(Picardo 2016). Due to market uncertainty resulting from terrorist attacks economic activities slow down for a short period of time.Specifically, following the Paris Terrorist attack 2015, there was a huge reduction in hotel industry performance due to cancellations and early checkouts thereby reducing the occupancy levels 21.1 percent and 28.5 percent on Saturday and Sunday respectively following the attack.Also, in the long term, terrorism reduces productivity due to the additional investments into security measures, insurance, and counterterrorism measures and infrastructure by hotel industry players.However, terrorist attacks have temporary economic damages on the hotel industry. Typically, terrorist attacks negate investment and employment opportunities in the affected areas as opposed to a larger wider scale. To which effects, the government can offset through increased expenditure without negatively affecting aggregate hotel insurance industry growth levels. However, following the recent frequent occurrence of terrorist attacks on the hotel industry, there s remarkable insurance covers for hotel owners.Through insurance of terrorist attacks on hotels, employment opportunities are created in the insurance sector.However, the hotel owners are likely to encounter high premiums rates due to the high-cost nature of the insured risk which might lead to some hoteliers laying off part of their staff to comfortably pay premiums. In addition, not all insurance providers indemnify hoteliers in the event of terrorist attacks thus making it even riskier for investors both foreign and domestic to venture into the hotel industry(Ross 2016).Also, terrorist activities in the hotel industry can result in loss of human lives who contribute to the labor force in the economy. massive loss of lives due to terrorist attacks creates employment gaps due to lack of persons to fit in. Also, hotel infrastructure may be destroyed during terrorist attacks thus additional reconstruction costs to the hotel owners and unemployment of hotel industry workers during reconstruction(Sandler and Elders 2005).Usually, terrorist attacks affect occupancy as opposed to industry growth rate as illustrated by the London Attacks 2002 which saw a 3.2 percent average growth rate in the hotel industry three months after the attack (Guest Contributor 2016).Moreover, terrorism slightly impacts on average daily rates for hotels which goes to imply that average daily rate(ADR) is not greatly distorted by a terrorist attack. Rationale for Government intervention Due to terrorist attacks, there s increased government expenditure in trying to offer some sort of insurance in terms of finances to help the affected hoteliers recover from their losses.For instance, in the United States of America, following the September 2001 terrorist attacks, the United States government offered 5$bn in grants and $40bn emergency spending package.Also insurance-related policies are few and come with higher premiums which expose hoteliers to the negative effects of terrorist attacks on their investment thus deterring more hotel industry investments(O.E.C.D n.d).it is imperative for governments to combat terrorist attacks in their economies this is because,the hotel industry is directly connected to the travel and tourism industry which contributes to the gross domestic product of most countries hence as a revenue source, it's in the interest of the government t to invest in security and deter terrorist attacks on the hotel industry. Also, the involvement of government in combating terrorism help restores consumer and investor confidence after the terrorist attacks. This is because following the attacks, potential and existing investors might reconsider venturing into the hotel industry due to the fear of repeat attacks and the massive losses incurred. in the event that there s government support following the attacks, investments in the sector might expand and recover and the assurance of security measures by the government, will attract local and foreign tourists to the country thus boosting its revenue hence it is in the interest of government to eradicate fear and anxiety caused by terrorism and boost friendly business operating environment(Nicolas 2017).There's need for restoration of consumer safety which is authoritative when done by the government. Predominantly, terrorist attacks are a retaliatory response to government action to which some persons are dissatisfied thus making it crucial for government involvement through negotiation and policies to prevent or minimize the occurrence of terrorist attacks(Koebler 2012).Predominantly, the security infrastructure needed to protect the hotel industry from terrorist attacks is massive and cannot be shouldered by individual hoteliers alone.due to the expansive nature of the security budget to counter and prevent terrorism,only the government can shoulder the capital Thu the need for government investment in antiterrorism measures for its various economic industry players.Specifically, the Australian government has invested $1.2 bn in its counter-terrorism measures as a way of providing a business-friendly environment(Pash 2015). Typically, it is the duty of all, if not the most government to protect the lives and property of its citizens thus the rationale for countering terrorism on their behalf.In the event that citizens lose their lives and property due to terrorist attacks both internal and external, that government is believed to have failed moral obligation to its citizens(Wellman 2013).Most governments have incorporated the bill of human rights which advocates for the protection of lives and property of citizens.Further research the evolving nature of terrorism there need for extensive research in counter-terrorism measures and the government has the necessary infrastructure to facilitate this as compared to hotel industry owners.For small hotel owners, they lack the capacity to venture into research and development in counter-terrorism thus making it imperative for governments to intervene in countering terrorism in the hotel industry(Wells 2017). However, the invasion of user privacy through monitored communication of citizens as anti-terrorism countermeasures has raised the right to privacy of citizens as to their communication privacy and confidentiality.There are pro arguments for government invasion of citizen privacy on the ground that its in the wider public interest to keep everyone safe whereas advocators against argue it violates the right to privacy and confidentiality of information(Debate.Org n.d) Conclusion By and large, the effects of terrorism on the hotel industry are negative in nature.in the short term, the terrorist impacts on the economy are immediate and severe but in the long term, the effects are part of the past. Mainly terrorism destroys lives which is irreplaceable, property which can be rebuilt over time and reduced revenue for a short period of time.However, consumer and investor confidence is destroyed by the fear and anxiety of terrorist attacks but after some time, the same is restored.There's need for government intervention in countering terrorism as a matter of right and moral obligation.Usually, citizens are guaranteed the right to life, protection of property by their governments.Further, governments have the capacity to fund counter-terrorism facilities, measures, policy and conduct research and development in counter-terrorism as compared to private hotel stakeholders. In as much as government should partake in counter-terrorism there need for individual hotel owners to instill their own personal counter-terrorism measures.there's need for counterterrorism partnership between private and public hotel industry stakeholders. References Chow, J. (2016). European Tourism Hit hard by Terrorist Attacks. Market Watch. Available at https://www.marketwatch.com/story/-tourism-hit-hard-by-terrorist-attacks-2016-03-28[Accessed 3 Oct 2017] Debate .Org.(N.d).Should government continue to monitor all cell phone activity as a domestic counterterrorism strategy.Debate.Org.Com.Available at https://www.debate.org/opinions/should-the-government-continue-to-monitor-all-cell-phones-as-a-domestic-counter-terrorism-strategy[Accessed 3 Oct 2017] Guest Contributor.(2016).The impact of terrorism on Europe s hotel Industry.Ehotelier.Com.Available at https://ehotelier.com/global/2016/05/04/impact-terrorism-europes-hotel-industry/[Accessed 3 Oct 2017] Koebler, J.(2012). Why governments should negotiate with Terrorists.U.S.News.Com.Available at https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/07/31/why-governments-should-negotiate-with-terrorists[Accessed 3 Oct 2017] Nicolas, D.B.(2017).Terror threats make it harder for PH to become Key Tourist Destination.Inquirer.Net.Available at https://business.inquirer.net/230330/terror-threats-make-harder-ph-become-key-tourist-destination[Accessed 3 Oct 2017] O.E.C.D.(N.d).Economic Consequences of Terrorism. O.E.C.D. Org.Available at https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/07/31/why-governments-should-negotiate-with-terroristshttps://www.oecd.org/eco/outlook/1935314.pdf[Accessed 3 Oct 2017] Pash, C.(2015).The budget:$1.2 billion for counter-terrorism Measures.Business Insider.Com.Available at https://www.businessinsider.com.au/the-budget-1-2-billion-for-counter-terrorism-measures-2015-5[Accessed 3 Oct 2017] Pickardo, E.(2016).Dont Hide from the Reality of How Terrorism Affects the Economy. Investopedia. Available at https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/030215/how-terrorism-affects-markets-and-economy.asp[Accessed 3 Oct 2017] Ross, S.(2016).Top 5 ways terrorism impacts the Economy. Investopedia.Available at https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/080216/top-5-ways-terrorism-impacts-economy.asp[Accessed 3 Oct 2017] Sandler, T and Enders, W.(N.d).Economic Consequences of Terrorism in Developed and Developing Countries.Psu.Edu.Com.Available at https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=224907E800A1228DF6FB19F3AC3A66BE?doi=10.1.1.129.1037rep=rep1type=pdf[Accessed 3 Oct 2017] Wellman, Carl.(2013).Terrorism and Counterterrorism: A Moral Assessment.Books.Google.Co.Ke.Available at https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=eaxEAAAAQBAJpg=PA27lpg=PA27dq=duty+of+government+to+protect+citizens+and+their+property+from+terrorismsource=blots=Sm-rwZCx8zsig=fkNA7AlEiZuE2XOr4bfwFXkTMMUhl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=duty%20of%20government%20to%20protect%20citizens%20and%20their%20property%20from%20terrorismf=false[Accessed 3 Oct 2017] Wells, I.(2017).Government offers 2m for Scientific Research into Counter-terrorism. The Guardian.Com.Avaiable at https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/17/government-offers-2m-for-scientific-research-into-counter-terrorism[Accessed 3 Oct 2017]

Rehabilitation Of Autistic Children Children And Young People Essay Essay Example

Rehabilitation Of Autistic Children Children And Young People Essay Essay Introduction Autism is a developmental upset which is characterized by impaired societal interaction, troubles in communicating, insistent behavior and a opposition to alter in modus operandis. Autism is known as a wide-spectrum upset. This means that the symptoms and behavior of no two persons with autism are the same and therefore each person has to be treated unambiguously. Autism can by and large be predicted around the age of 1 2 old ages when the kid does non demo the normal patterned advance in societal and communicating accomplishments. Diagnosis of autism is based on the behavior of the person as the cause is non yet known. Lack of fond regard to the primary health professional, societal deadness, obsessional run alonging up of playthings, trouble in address development and deadness to name are some symptoms that hint physicians to the diagnosing of the upset in a kid. We will write a custom essay sample on Rehabilitation Of Autistic Children Children And Young People Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rehabilitation Of Autistic Children Children And Young People Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rehabilitation Of Autistic Children Children And Young People Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Many persons with autism show the undermentioned symptoms: Insistent behavior, rigorous attachment to agendas. The persons display marks of hurt and anxiousness when modus operandis are interrupted. They frequently display physical ticks and echolalia ( reiterating words or phrases they hear ) . An antipathy to physical contact and oculus contact. Sensitivity to loud noises, odors or sights. Autistic persons besides tend to develop compulsions and sometimes and intense fond regard to certain objects. They have problem showing themselves and frequently use gestures alternatively of words. They have peculiar address forms and do non mention to their ain ego decently. A few autistic persons besides have symptoms that co-exist with autism like fragile-X syndrome, Tourette syndrome, Tuberous induration, Attention Deficit Disorder, epileptic ictuss, etc. Besides, it has been observed that some autistic persons show extremely specific accomplishments in a peculiar country that is above their normal operation in other countries, like memorisation of trifle, increased perceptual experience to forms, high memory retrieval, extraordinary attending to detail. These accomplishments are known as sliver accomplishments. Some surveies suggest a relation between households with strong abilities in folk natural philosophies and autism. The figure of autistic persons was found to be greater in households with greater folk natural philosophies abilities ( understanding inanimate objects ) than in households with stronger folk psychological science abilities ( societal apprehension ) . The exact cause of autism is non known boulder clay day of the month and it is considered that both genetic sciences and environment play a function in it. Abnormalities in some parts of the encephalon unnatural degrees of neurotransmitters are noticed. It is noted that opportunities of an indistinguishable twin developing the upset is really high of the other twin is affected. Besides, the hazard of autism is greater in a household holding an autistic member than the general population. Scientists are still seeking to happen the cistrons that are linked to this upset, and many deductions have been made of chromosomal abnormalcies like omission, duplicate and inversion being linked to this upset. Educational and Social Interventions Over the old ages, many educational and societal intercession plans have been developed to help in enabling autistic kids to map in society and assist better communicating. They besides target the person s emotional well-being and societal interaction. Three of the chief intercessions are reviewed here. Social Communication, Emotional Regulation and Transactional Support ( SCERTS ) SCERTS is a multi-disciplinary educational and intervention theoretical account for kids with autism. It promotes societal communicating and emotional competency in of course happening contexts. The SCERTS theoretical account thrives on teamwork, shared control, and strengths of the kid with autism. The SCERTS Model is designed to hold wide applications and can be applied in educational, clinical scenes and in mundane activities at place and in the community. The SC constituent of SCERTS theoretical account believes that kids must a get capacities in two major countries of societal communicating: Joint attending abilities Symbolic behavior The ER constituent of the SCERTS Model focuses on back uping a kid s ability to modulate emotions. The ultimate end of ER constituent of SCERTS theoretical account is to back up a kid accommodating to and get bying with the inevitable and single day-to-day challenges. The TS, the 3rd and concluding nucleus constituent of the SCERTS Model includes the followers: Interpersonal Supports Learning and Educational Supports Support To Families Support among professionals and other service suppliers The SCERTS theoretical account plants by prioritising societal communicating, emotional ordinance and transactional support to hold a positive impact on kid s development and quality of life. FloorTime/DIR The FloorTime/DIR theoretical account is a technique based on Development, Individual-differences, Relationship-based. It concentrates on constructing a healthy foundation for the societal, emotional and rational capacities instead than merely a individual behavior or accomplishment development. This theoretical account caters to the individualistic demands of the kid as the therapies are given based on the strengths and alone troubles faced by each kid and therefore is a really utile tool for pedagogues, clinicians, parents or health professionals. [ 1 ] FloorTime is based upon Greenspan s theories [ 2 ] of six functional mileposts necessary for a kid to win in farther acquisition and development. Harmonizing to Greenspan, these are: The double ability to take an involvement in the sights, sounds and esthesiss of the universe and to quiet oneself down. The ability to prosecute in relationships with other people. The ability to prosecute in bipartisan communicating with gestures. The ability to make complex gestures, to threading together a series of actions into an luxuriant and calculated problem-solving experience. The ability to make thoughts. The ability to construct Bridgess between thoughts to do them reality-based and logical ( Greenspan, 1998 ) FloorTime/DIR includes synergistic experiences, which are child directed, in a low stimulation environment, runing from two to five hours a twenty-four hours. During a preschool plan, FloorTime/DIR includes integrating with typically developing equals. Greenspan insists that synergistic drama, in which the grownup follows the kid s lead, will promote the kid to desire to associate to the outside universe. Furthermore, Greenspan stipulates, in this theoretical account, the curative plan must get down every bit shortly as possible so that the kids and their parents use their emerging capacities for communicating ( frequently ab initio with gestures instead than words ) . The longer such kids remain incommunicative and the more parents lose their sense of their kid s relatedness, the more profoundly the kids tend to retreat and go preservative and self- stimulatory. ( Greenspan, 1998 ) . Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication-Handicapped Children ( TEACCH ) TEACCH is a plan developed by psychologist Eric Schopler. It uses Structured Teaching which can be applied in different scenes like school and home-based instruction. In TEACCH the autistic person is recognized for their alone characteristic or the civilization of autism . The plan can be applied to grownups and is non confined to kids. This plan develops an individualised program wherein the attack to instruction by the healers is altered to integrate single differences. This includes family-based interactions and instruction, every bit good as societal interactions with other kids. Though the chief method of instruction is through ocular AIDSs, linguistic communication is besides developed. The autistic traits are accommodated instead than being overcome. This is hence opposite in rule to inclusion, which emphasizes on educating autistic kids with non-disabled kids. However, as autism is a wide-spectrum upset, it is really hard to mensurate the success of any certain plan or theoretical account over another. Indian Scenario of Autism TULIPS School The TULIPS School was founded in 2002 by the Saraswati Mandir Trust. Its premier aim is to educate kids with autism and other mental development issues. Harmonizing to the Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995, if a individual suffers from non less than 40 % of the undermentioned disablements as certified by a medical practician, he/she is considered as handicapped: Blindness Low vision Leprosy cured Hearing damage Loco motor damage Mental deceleration Mental unwellness If any kid does non suit into the above standards, the kid should non be confined to a particular school and can be educated with other kids. TULIPS maintains a regular plan which is modified as per the single demands of the kid, and the instructor kid ratio is 1:4. The plan focuses on all facets of development including physical, emotional, societal and academic and besides aims to include 25 % of its pupils into the mainstream instruction system every twelvemonth. Saraswati Mandir Trust 135-145 Raja Shivaji Vidyasankul, Hindu Colony, Dadar, Mumbai 400 014 Telephone: 2415 5773 Electronic mail: A tulips.school @ gmail.com Apoorva Centre for Autism Apoorva Centre for Autism ( ACA ) is an educational and developing Centre started in 1996 by SAI with the support of the Lions Club of Sarakki. The Apoorva Centre is headed by Mrs. Nithya S. , a qualified Particular Educator with 6+ old ages of experience in the field. Soon the Centre has 55 pupils trained by 10 qualified particular instruction and rehabilitation professionals and 6 teacher-aides, 2 voluntary professionals, 2 teacher-aides, 3 health professionals, 6 educational voluntaries, and 2 attenders. The Centre besides provides practical preparation to Teacher-trainees of the Particular Education plan on Autism, conducted by KPAMRC, Bangalore [ 12 ] . The assorted activities carried out by Apoorva Centre for Autism are as follows: It caters to the educational wing utilizing rules of ABA and TEACCH. The age group benefited is 3 old ages to 18yrs. Children with ASD of 15 old ages and above are imparted pre-vocational preparation and steps are taken to place the suited careers for them. Post the vocational preparation the pupils are suggested available sheltered workshops that enrol them. Others who prefer organic agriculture preparation are sent to the yoga instructor s farm for 2 twelvemonth preparation. Post the 2years, based on their public presentation they would either be suggested extra preparation or apprenticeship and lasting employment thenceforth with the neurotypical grownup husbandmans in an inclusive work atmosphere. The tools used for communications are PECS ( Picture Exchange Communication System ) . Drama and Yoga therapy are a portion of the course of study excessively. Some of the parents have besides opted for the bio-medical intercession and some have discontinued it due to assorted grounds. The Centre besides caters to pupils who are badly affected by autism with other co-morbidities including intellectual paralysis, profound mental deceleration and ictus upsets. These kids are given developing in ego attention and assist them, maintain their day-to-day life accomplishments. A twosome of kids who have been asked to travel out from the regular schools due to terrible behavioral issues are being trained towards the National Open School system ( NIOS ) with regular school course of study and text books. All these plans happen across the 3 premises which are located in JP Nagar, Jayanagar and near Bannerghatta National Park. Each premiss caters to specific demands but they all meet one time in 6 months. All the installations are twenty-four hours attention Centres. The Pull offing Trust is taking towards a reprieve attention and a residential place or a community populating maintaining in head the state of affairs that would originate when the parents and health professionals are no longer present. The function of Mrs. Nithya S. is to assist program activities and educational/vocational plans for the kids and develop the pedagogues and health professionals. Apoorva Centre for Autism Lions Club of Sarakki Premises, 21st chief, 1st Cross, Marenahalli, JP Nagar 2nd Phase, Bangalore-78 Telephone: 08065710445 Electronic mail: apoorva @ SAIautismcenter.org The LOTUS Foundation Activities that are used in the rehabilitation of autistic kids include supplication, external respiration and speculation, motion therapy, music therapy, kitchen nine, occupational therapy, art and picture therapy, H2O therapy, drama therapy, societal therapy, communicating therapy and nature nine. Each therapy has its topographic point, clip and agenda in the twenty-four hours. Each is designed for every particular kid to mend specific challenges faced. As in any other thing, attending has to be paid to the measure and the quality of the therapy delivered. If under done or over done the same therapy could be counterproductive. The societal challenges faced by autistic kids are: The kid goes through immense accommodation challenges in his/her organic structure, thought procedures and emotions. It is hard for the kid, every bit good as his/her health professionals to suit into the model that society provides. The community and committed professionals need to widen themselves to back up the kid and his immediate household. Simultaneously work has to be done to change the current model to ease integrating of these persons into society. These kids have trouble with communicating and are easy led to defeats and aggressions that form a barrier to them being included. Opening out the communicating lines, ask foring more and more people to understand them and learning them self-regulation in pull offing their emotions and open behavior will travel a long manner to assist incorporate these kids. Educating the people in his environment suitably along with developing the kid to pass on efficaciously will organize the anchor of get the better ofing this trouble. The physical-sensorial demands of our kids do them to expose upseting obvious behaviors such as rocking, walking, whirling and shouting that can frighten away others and drive the kids with autism to remain off from the mainstream. Giving appropriate sensory inputs and at the same time turn toing diet, rhythm and sleep will greatly cut down the emphasis and ease the kid in go oning to take part in society. Queerly, the equals and friends are really tolerant and understanding, but the grownups instructors and parents have trouble in admiting and accepting the autistic in mainstream environment. The media s duty is in taking the facts and showing it to the common adult male in a manner that he will understand. Our petition is non to dramatise and do these as tragic narratives. The other side of the coin is that we do hold tolerant and sensitive people who welcome such kids. Whatever said and done, it is difficult to stay impersonal when faced with such a deep inquiry posed by our kids through their sheer presence. We observed that diagnosing of people in the Autism Spectrum Disorder has increased. 1 in 88 kids born today are diagnosed to be on the spectrum from really mild to extremely complicated. In the kingdom of inclusion , we provide services to efficaciously include the persons with particular demands in the chief watercourse regular school environment. We train and organise workshops for regular school instructors and helpers who are involved in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours classroom direction of persons with particular demands in inclusive scenes. The Lotus Foundation C22, Palm grove Flats, 9th Cross Street, Besant Nagar 600 090 Telephone: +91 44 24919802 Electronic mail: A nandini @ lotusfoundation.in V-Excel Educational Trust Help the kids become more comfy with their organic structures, overcome sensory issues to an extent that they are able to concentrate in category, travel out with teachers/parents, be happy and content at place. With this slowly emerging, the kids learn to show, talk and their will, to larn lessons and work at activities. This is done by: Medical Work: A Following the biomedical diet ( gluten free, casein free ) and a rigorous beat ( guaranting repasts are eaten at the right clip and kids get adequate slumber ) Course of study: A Following the Rudolf Steiner s doctrine, on taking attention of kids with particular demands. Knowing what lessons, motions, vocals, colorss, or work is to be introduced to kids ( woodworking, cookery, building, agriculture, basket devising, gold braid, and sewing ) at a peculiar age. In supplying the right input at the right age, the interior force of the kid is strengthened. The gait depends upon the group of kids, and the instructor goes as fast or every bit slow as the kids require. Lots of infinite is given for the kids to reflect, express, experience each portion of their twenty-four hours. A batch of freedom is given to the kids, but boundaries are really clear and house, so the kids feel safe. Bing Supported: A As it requires a batch from instructors and kids to work with kids with particular demands, aid is ever needed. Teachers and parents work together in seeking to understand and back up the kid. Teachers and parents are supported by the Healing Departments External Therapy and Counselling, so that they are looked after, and strengthened plenty to honor their committedness. The Doctrine: A The school tallies, such that the kid is at the Centre and everyone works together, understands each other, and learns to back up each other so that the kid may mend. Besides, in each human being there lies something that needs healing/understanding/attention. In turn toing this, the whole community coming together around the kid gets healed. With every inquiry that the kid airss, we look deep in ourselves for the reply. Not so much to state, How can I repair this job? but more on the lines of Why is this job coming up? , Why is it coming to me? , Where is it coming from? , How am I making this job? , Is at that place something in me that must alter? In making this you become more witting, as a human being, and more interested in other human existences. Relationship and people become an of import portion of your work.A Age Appropriateness: A We have learnt that largely in footings of their intelligence, the kids are age appropriate. However, when it comes to reading, composing, working making something with their custodies, they lag behind a few old ages. So kids in Grade Five still write at Kindergarten Level, but the course of study finds a manner to equilibrate that. They are treated their age, but the outlooks from them change harmonizing to how much their organic structure can follow. This is non a physical disablement but more a affair of involvement and will to pattern. Their weak countries are worked on slowly and given clip a batch of accent on motion and working with the custodies, pess and organic structure. The procedure is non a speedy hole or an immediate solution. It takes clip, forbearance and requires finding and difficult work to maintain working even if you keep neglecting. Social Challenges: The biggest societal challenge is acceptance. The kids are non understood, so the kids are non accepted. And non-acceptance causes a batch of hurting for the kids and people assisting the kids. The other societal challenges are covering with the computing machine age computing machines, music systems, etc. do a break in the comfort degree of all human existences, but particularly kids with autism as they are really sensitive. Electromagnetic moving ridges from electronic media do non assist in mending the kids. Statisticss: The school serves 75 kids out of which 40 45 are kids with autism. At Kindergarten and Grade Four the kids are kept longer than a twelvemonth as they are important phases of alteration and growing for the kid which require more sensitiveness, more work, and more clip. Now, there are kids from Kindergarten to Grade Five, and besides a Pre Vocational Section ( 75 kids ) . They have an early intercession plan. The donees of this undertaking are kids who have already developed, or at hazard of developing, either a handicapping status or some other particular demand that may impact their overall development. This includes kids with Autism, Mental Retardation, Attention Deficit Disorders, Delayed Milestones, and Learning Disabilities like Dyslexia etc. They basically work on clip edge plans geared towards early societal inclusion of kids. This is attempted through one-on-one remedial intercession, centripetal integrating therapy, and a well-planned sensory diet. They have had sensible success with instances of: Behavioral Regulatory Problems Arousal, attending, affect, fond regard, temper, ordinance of slumber and feeding. Musculo Skeletal Impairments Deformities, strength, endurance Neuro-Muscular Impairments Tone, coordination, gross and all right control, motor planning, balance Centripetal Processing Difficulties Tactile, vestibular, ocular, audile, olfactive Functional Impairments Eating, mobility, self attention, occupational Cognitive Impairments Attachment, interaction, communicating, ocular perceptual experience, memory, sequencing, safety consciousness, executive map Self-help accomplishments Eating, dressing, preparing, composing, societal accomplishments and countries of day-to-day life V-Excel Center for Research and Rehabilitation ( In association with Esvi Sarada Foundation ) 50 Sreyes, M.G. Road, Shastri Nagar, Chennai 600 041 Telephone: 91-44-24522061/24521986 Electronic mail: info @ v-excel.org Shristi Special Academy Shristi Special Academy is a registered charitable organisation dedicated to the authorization of intellectually and physically deprived persons. It was founded in 1995 by Suchita Somashekaraiah, Sharon Watts and Meena Jain. A multidisciplinary squad of specializers are employed to carry on intercession programmes and to advance independency and autonomy amongst those with a scope of disablements. The autism unit focuses on the appraisal and intercessions of local kids diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorders and presently reach over 30 childs. The course of study includes academic instructions, societal accomplishments work and vocational preparation. The Academy has a dedicated squad who work with people from all ages, from babies to grownups. Shristi Special Academy 13/1, 9th G Main, Byraveshwarnagar, Moodalapalya, Bangalore 560072 Telephone: +91 ( 0 ) 80 2318 0318, +91 ( 0 ) 80 2318 0186 Action for Autism Action For Autism was started in 1991 to supply support services to autistic persons and their households in India, so that people with autism are able to turn to their full potency. They provide support and services to individuals with autism and work through direct services, protagonism and research in order to better lives of autistic kids and their households. Action For Autism besides assists other states in South Asia to accomplish legal acknowledgment of autism and develop services for kids and households. They offer clinical services and intercession plans, and besides have assorted active divisions for preparations, publications, research and protagonism. Action For Autism is involved in assorted intercession plans such as: Parent kid early intercession plans The unfastened door twenty-four hours school Adhaar vocational Centre On-the-job preparation programme for work behaviors Educational intercession programme The bubble category: Social accomplishments developing plan Handwriting programme Inclusive avocation categories Occupational and Sensory intercession They besides have different appraisal programmes such as: Diagnostic Appraisals Functional Assess Occupational and Sensory Appraisals AFA offers an eclectic mix of behavior based methods and structured instruction. Elementss of TEACCH, Applied behavior Analysis ( ABA ) , Verbal Behaviour Analysis ( VBA ) , assorted signifiers of Assisted and Augmentative Communication ( AAC ) including Picture Exchange Communication Systems ( PECS ) are a portion of the methods used [ 14 ] . Action for Autism Pocket 7 A ; 8, JasolaVihar, New Delhi 110025 Telephone: 91-11-65347422, 91-11-40540991, 91-11-40540992 E mail: actionforautism @ gmail.com Decision The current survey of rehabilitative techniques has shown that the rate at which the thoughts such as SCERTS, DIR and TEACCH are deriving popularity is really high. Many foundations in India are efficaciously utilizing these techniques, possibly with some alterations of their ain ; to successfully rehabilitate their wards and to assist them go active in their societal and emotional care. The addition in figure of foundations besides show the increased consciousness about upsets such as autism, which were one time extremely stigmatised. These foundations besides play a critical function in assisting these kids get accepted into the mainstream. This is conclusive that India is fast nearing the phase where autistic kids can be successfully rehabilitated and included into mainstream society.

Death and the Maiden Ariel Dorfman essays

Death and the Maiden Ariel Dorfman essays Roberto, Paulina and Gerardo as Symbols and Concepts In Death and the Maiden by Ariel Dorfman each of the three characters is extended to serve as a an allegorical concept that Dorfman uses to comment on the relation of past, present and truth in Chile and anywhere that a grave injustice that has occurred in the past still affects the present. The communication and interaction of these characters relates Dorfmans views about healing past injustice and what role truth plays in this process. One way to view Death and the Maiden is as an allegory for the situation in Dorfmans home country, Chile, after the displacement of the dictator Pinochet. The situation presented in the story of a victim and her husband trying to deal with her torture and rape under a previous dictatorship unsure of where the guilty lie is one that would be common in Chile at the time that the story was written. This situation can be extended to include the struggles that the characters undergo throughout the story as they reflect the struggles that Chile itself is undergoing: trying to acknowledge and come to terms with the past, while trying to work to a good future, unsure where the guilty lie, unsure how past hurts can be healed. Each of the characters embody part of Chile itself, Chile is a Victim, living in the past; Chile is an uncertain judge, trying not to sacrifice present stability by bringing up the demons of the past; Chile is the accused, standing trial for past crimes. Dorfman hims elf says, commenting on Death and the Maiden, As I watched with fascination how the [Rettig] commission carried out its difficult task it slowly dawned on me that here might be the key to the unresolved story that had been buzzing inside my head for so many years: the fictitious kidnapping and trial should occur, not in a nation under the boot of a dictator, but in one that was in transition to democracy, where so many Chileans were grappling with the hi...

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The Business Transformations Organizational Context Information Technology Essay Business Transformation, in an organizational context, is a process of profound and radical change, focussing an organization on a new direction and taking it to a new level of effectiveness. Transformation implies a basic change of character and little or no resemblance to the past configuration or structure (www.businessdictionary.com, 2010a). IT enabled business transformation is the use of technology in order to fundamentally alter the way business is carried out within an industry and organizations implementing these changes can competitive advantages (Rau, 2006). Information Systems enabling business transformation has evolved greatly over time. The early 70s saw data being centralized and systems linked to a very few business functions and the operations of the bulky main frames. The 80s saw the installation of PCs and LANs and departments set up computer systems, using end-user computing with word processors and spreadsheets making departments less dependent on the IT department. The main focus was central control and corporate learning. The 90s Wide Area Networks became corporate standards with senior management looking for system and data integration. Main focus was central and corporate learning. The millennium brought with it Wide Area Network expansion through the internet to include global enterprises and business partners supply chain and distribution. Senior management look for data sharing while the main focus is on attaining efficiencies and speed in inventory, manufacturing and distribution. (University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, n.d ). The roles and responsibilities of the CIO are ever evolving. Ross and Fenny (1999) highlight the varied roles of the CIO during three eras; mainframe era (1960s 1980s), distributed era (late 1970s onwards) and the web-based era (mostly mid 1990s onwards). The mainframe era CIO was is most cases a Data Processing/Information Systems manager. The key tasks demanded were to deploy new systems to time and budget, and ensuring systems reliability during operations. The distributed era saw the CIO hit turbulent times. CIOs had to learn and master multiple roles in order to survive and prosper. The four main roles of the CIO were Organizational Designer, Technology Advisor, Technology Architect and Informed Buyer. During the web based era, the evolving CIO focuses on business change through new business models, management processes etc. The CIO also argues for greater measure of central coordination and also work with executive colleagues to improve leverage so as to fulfil the need for st rategically aligning operations to IT in a bid to attain higher levels of efficiency and competitive advantage. Lanka Bell is the second largest fixed line telecommunications operator in Sri Lanka with over 1.2 million CDMA and fixed wired lines. It is also the ISP with the largest international backbone in Sri Lanka. Lanka Bell was established in 1997 and was later acquired by Milford Holdings (Pvt) Ltd, a subsidiary of the Distilleries Company of Sri Lanka (DCSL) in 2005. Under new management, Lanka Bell was the first Operator to introduce CDMA into the Sri Lankan market and is presently has the largest CDMA customer base of more than 1.2 million subscribers. In 2008, Lanka Bell invested US $27 million to link Sri Lanka to the Falcon section of the FLAG fibre optic undersea cable, which is owned by Indias Reliance Communications and has more than 87 points of presence (POPs) worldwide. Lanka Bell is the Sri Lankan operator with the largest international backbone capacity. Further, the Lanka Bell team more than quadrupled from about 350 employees in 2005 to about 1500 today. Lanka Bell curren tly has 65 branch offices, and also strategic ties to Abans, Softlogic, Arpico Shopping Malls and multiple banks in easing the obtaining of services and the settlement of bills. In mid 2008, Lanka Bell was the first Sri Lankan operator to commercially launch WiMAX operations. WiMAX is currently being deployed island wide in the provision of data and voice solutions. The WiMAX network enables the coupling of voice and data solutions including Broadband, Leased Lines and VPNs. It also provides for a centralized monitoring and fault locating. WiMAX is one of the most recent technologies to hit the telecom industry in the provision of high speed data, voice and streaming media. Lanka Bell is just 13 years old and as Sri Lanka is a developing country, it cannot be assumed that Sri Lanka has the infrastructure and know-how currently available in more developed nations. In place of a CIO, Lanka Bell has an individual with the designation of General Manager IT. Presently Lanka Bell is upgrading IT/IS infrastructure and data and voice networks to support future expansion and create efficiency. The IT/IS division has presently taken over the IT/IS operations of 16 companies coming under the parent DCSL group and manages all technology related issues. This provides for improved efficiency and significant cost savings on man power and other resources. Further, Lanka Bell is testing the use of HP Blade Servers in collaboration with DMS Electronics (Private) Limited. The Blade systems are state of the art new server systems which support for advanced data processing, storage and redundancy option through SAN (Storage Area Network). These Blade systems consume less po wer, less space and support virtualization, which will enable multiple servers to be installed and managed on one system, which is the technology of tomorrow. The positive outcomes of this could be newer, faster and reliable systems supporting centralized storage and management and thus lowering the overall hardware costs, power costs, maintenance cost and labour costs etc. Tests are also being carried out on mobile CDMA. This technology has already established infrastructure and the company may have a considerable income if the system could be implemented. The organization also conducts tests on the WiMAX network with multiple vendors, testing inter vendor compatibility and the overcoming of identified issues etc. These experiments are being conducted to enable reduction of costs of operation and to also provide a wider range of products and services to customers at more competitive rates. The role played by IS/IT in the telecom industry worldwide is immense. Cansfield (2008) states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦value in telecoms is created by the IT systems that create the services that run on the network and are purchased by customers. Cansfield (2008) further states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the performance of the IT systems should be placed under as much scrutiny as the balance sheet. As mentioned in the above paragraphs, it can be seen that IS/IT enabled business transformation is a continuous process and as change occurs, so does the role of the CIO have to evolve. It can be understood from the overview of Lanka Bell that as the company enforces changes to business strategy, it needs the IS/IT strategy to evolve too. For these changes to occur smoothly, the CIO should be able to evolve to match the situational requirements. Literature mostly covers the two areas of IS/IT enabled business transformation and the evolving role of CIOs as separate areas of study; neither providing sufficient comparisons nor emphasizing the relationship existent. Based on initial studies, congruency between the evolving role of the CIO and IS/IT enabled business transformation can be noted. This research is conducted so as to identify how the evolution of IS/IT enabled business transformation influences the change in the roles of CIOs and also to formulate guidelines and recommendations to Lanka Bell. These guidelines and recommendations are intended to assist the top level management match the changes in business environment with the level of IS/IT enabled business transformations and provide a clearer view for the CIO to conduct operations. 6.0 Literature Review: IT enabled business transformation has many definitions by different academia. Rau (2006) defines IT enabled business transformation as the use of technology in order to fundamentally alter the way business is carried out within an industry and organizations implementing these changes can competitive advantages. Oestreich (2009) says of IT enabled business transformation that it is the integration of all activities and functions along business processes into a single process agile value chain. Similarly, Markus and Benjamin (1997) also view the transformation as a business process that crosses several functional lines. In studying the above definitions, it can be summarized that Rau (2006) views IT enabled transformation as the use of technology in attaining competitive advantages, while Oestreich (2009) views it as the integration of processes. Markus and Benjamin (1997) view is integration across functions. Based on the above, a definition can be formed where IT enabled transformat ion is the use of technology to attain competitive advantages by integrating processes across functional lines. Ever since the commercialization of computers in the late 1950s, IT has been an enabler to business transformation. Ross and Fenny (1999) differentiate the levels of IS utilization during three eras. The mainframe era commenced with the automation of clerical tasks and overtime developed transaction processing capabilities. It was during this stage that Electronic Data Processing was initiated in the accounting function. In good time, firms began automating other functions until mainframe computing affected the organizational activities or most large organization. The distributed era commenced with the development of business applications for mini computers and personal computers and typically targeting needs of knowledge workers. This initially resulted in islands of computing within organizations. IT was increasingly perceived as a tool for cross-functional integration and collaboration. It was at this stage that certain companies took IT as a competitive weapon and strove to innov ate along the supply and distribution chains. Further changes evident were globalization and business process re-engineering. Towards the end of the era, ERP systems emerged and they seamlessly integrated all required transaction processing within a distributed network. Organizations invested huge sums in ERP development. The web-based era brought with it the development of the internet, extranet an intranet based applications for business. Organizations began to realize they could offer low cost value-added services via the web. Intranet applications linking the organization provide for data sharing and business process standardization. Knowledge management is a key development of the web-based era. Extranet applications have also developed to link an organization with multiple partners in supply, distribution, manufacturing etc. Rouse (2005) states in the late 1950s and early 1960s, a whole new segment of interactive computing emerged. In the late 1960s, Digital Equipment Corporat ion (DEC) minicomputers dominated the interactive computing market while in the mid 1980s, Apple came out with the Macintosh, which became the industry standard in the sense of its features and benefits. He further states that most of todays attention has been dominated by the internet. The process of transformation in itself is of complex nature and many academics have suggested models. Venkatraman (1994) provides a framework based on two dimensions: the potential IT benefit range and degree of organizational transformation, and states the benefits from deployment of IT are marginal if superimposed on existing organizational conditions. In cases where investments in IT functionality are complimented by organizational changes in characteristics, benefits accrue. A diagram of the model is given below: Source: Venkatraman (1994) Ventakraman (1994) further describes the distinctive characteristics of each stage: Localized Exploitation covers the leveraging of IT functionality to redesign focused, high-value areas of business operation. Internal Integration covers the leveraging of IT capability to create a seamless organization process reflecting both technical interconnectivity and organizational interdependence. Business Process Redesign addresses redesigning the key processes to derive organizational capabilities for competing in the future as opposed to simply rectifying current weaknesses; use IT capability as an enabler for future organizational capability. Business Network Redesign is articulating the strategic logic to leverage related participants in the business network to provide products and services in the marketplace; exploiting IT functionality for learning from the extended network as well as for coordination and control. Business Scope Redefinition is the redefining of the corporate scope that is enabled and facilitated by IT functionality. Venkatraman (1994) conclusively states that, successful companies will be differentiated by their ability to visualize the logic of the new business world and leverage IT to create an appropriate organizational arrangement internal and external to support business logic. The transformation trajectory is a moving target, shaped by fundamental changes in the competitive business world. Managements challenge is to continually adapt the organization and technological capabilities to be in dynamic alignment with the chosen business vision. Rouse (2006) in his book provides a broad systems-oriented view of transformation and a theoretical view on the forces that prompt transformation and the nature of how it is pursued. He also addresses the issue of transformational leadership and organizational and cultural change. Towards the end, he provides a collection of transformational case studies. Perumal and Pandey (2008) define the process of transformation as, a drastic change in the way of running a business. This change may span across processes, people, technology, policies, vision or any other business component, and has a direction for meeting a specific business goal. They provide a table containing the stages of the transformation process and further state that any business transformation impacts in one or more of the following ways; workforce culture becomes manageable, processes become efficient, automation of manual activities, business rules are altered, strategy gains direction. The following is an illustration of the various transformational process stages: In analysing the above paragraphs, it can be noted that Ventakraman (1994) defines the stages or levels of transformation based on two variables; the range of potential benefits and the degree of organizational transformation. An organization can map itself into one of the five stages, given it matches the required criteria. Perumal and Pandey (2008) state transformation spans across processes, people, technology, policies, vision or any other business component, and has a direction for meeting a specific business goal and provide seven stages for transformation. Each stage has sub-steps and if conducted in the correct manner, each element of business gets favourably transformed during the process. The Booz Allen Hamilton (2010) transformation life cycle defines five stages for transformation. It also defines the key enablers to successful transformation which are people, process, technology and physical infrastructure. The model also illustrates the process areas of capability devel opment, ownership building and program stewardship, each are related collectively performed sub processes to achieve a set of predefined goals. In analysing the above paragraphs, Feldhues (2006) presents the Gottschalk set of CIO Leadership Roles. These nine roles described can be applied to a CIO and also to the role expected of a CIO. Furthermore, Edwards et al. (2009) presents five types of present day CIOs and describes them against six criteria he has defined. Also, Kaufeld et al. (2000) provide Charis extended IT Leadership Growth model in emphasizing the role of IS/IT management. This model divides the IS/IT leadership into a four stage process where, when the leadership evolves, the characteristics of the previous stages are included in the new stage, thus improving and increasing competencies and abilities. Lanka Bell was incorporated in 1997 and since inception has been a key player in the telecom and Internet Service Provider (ISP) industry in Sri Lanka. Lanka Bell commenced with around 300 members of staff and very limited technology and systems. Most of the processes at inception had a lot of manual processing involved as they were only partially automated. As operations progressed, the influence of IS/IT upon operations increased. IS/IT was always a part of the business as the telecommunication industry is very dependent on IS/IT systems (Cansfield, 2008). The hierarchy of IT leadership at Lanka Bell also evolved over time with new designations being created and others removed. Currently, the role of the CIO at Lanka Bell is played by the General Manager IT. In 2005, as Lanka Bell saw a new management takeover, the strategic importance of IS/IT and the need for good leadership was recognized. Research can be classified as primary and secondary research. Primary research refers to the researcher collecting his/her own data rather than depending solely on published literature while secondary research refers to the researcher seeking out literature from a number of sources including journals, books conference proceedings etc with a view to show he/she is well read in the area (Biggam, 2008). Further to the above, research methods in general can be classified as action research, experimental research, case study approach, computing research are some examples. The Lecture notes (2010) mention Kock (1997) describes action research as research where the researchers aim is to directly improve the organization studied while also generating scientific knowledge, while Oates (2006) describes experimental research as a strategy investigating cause and effect relationships and seeking to prove or disprove the relationship between a factor and an observed outcome. It also mentions of Yins (2003) description of the case study approach as an empirical study investigating in real life context, even when boundaries are not clearly evident. Computing research is mentioned as being composed of eight major approaches (Galliers, 1992). Dr. Bandu Ranasinghe